|
Captain of The Arabs ((インドネシア語:Kapten Arab); (オランダ語:Kapitein der Arabieren); ) or ''Head of The Arabs'' ((オランダ語:Hoofd der Arabieren); ) is a position in the colonial Dutch East Indies appointed with the task of leading the ethnic Arab-Indonesians, who usually lived in concentrated clearly defined-living areas (''Kampung Arab''). The role was to provide liaison between his community and the government, to provide statistical information to The Dutch East Indies government on issues related to Arabs, to disseminate government regulations and decrees, and to ensure the maintenance of law and order.〔 ==History== In Batavia, The Arabs, according to Van den Berg, settled in an area called Pekojan. ''Pekojan'' is from Indonesian word ''Pe-Koja-an'', which means ''The Koja'', a term for Muslim people of Gujarat, India. While ''Koja'' itself is from word Khoja. Until the end of the 18th century, the area was mostly dominated by Khoja Gujarati settlers until 19th century. When Van den Berg did the study (1884-1886), there were no more Gujarati. At that time the majority of the settlers were Arabs and a handful of Chinese. Since about the 1970s, the Arabs are the minority and the Chinese turned into majority.〔 He described Pekojan as a slum and dirty area. The Dutch East Indies colonial had a constitutional law recognized three categories of individuals in Batavia: Europeans (''Europeanen''), Foreign Oriental (''Vreemde Oosterlingen''), and natives (''Inlanders''). As more and more immigrants immigrated from Hadramaut, The Dutch government started a law called ''wijkenstelsel'' in 1844 to segregate them from the rest of indigenous people.〔 As result, the government required a head of the group, which called ''Captain of the Arabs''. The similar position was appointed for Captain of the Chinese to Chinese. More than half of the Captain of Arabs appointed by the colonial government were non Sayyid people. This decision was made to undermine traditional Hadhrami assumption about their social status.〔 Approximately one and half century ago, the Arabs also had moved and lived in the suburbs (now Central Jakarta), such as Krukut and Tanah Abang areas.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab )〕 Among the Arabs who had been captains of the Arabs in Batavia was Sayyid Muhammad bin Abu Bakr 'Aydid in 19th, Muhammad Umar Ba-Behir () and Umar bin Yusuf Mangus () during the period of 1902-1931. Umar Mangus was a rich merchant and had property business. For his service as the Captain of Arabs, Umar was awarded the title ''De Ridder in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau'' (Knight of The Order of Orange-Nassau).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Nahdah: Renaissance Kaum Hadhrami )〕 Before Umar Mangus was appointed as a captain of Arabs, most Arabs had decided to choose Sharif Abdullah ibn Husein Alaydrus, a rich merchant, famous for his generosity and had good behavior as well as prominent among the Arabs and the Europeans. Many people think that with his close relationship with Europeans, he would be willing to accept the Arab captaincy. The colonial government constantly urged him to accept the position, but he firmly rejected it. He wasn't alone in refusing, as this refusal had the support of respected Arab elders.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Penghormatan Masyarakat Terhadap Arab Sayyid )〕 According to Snouck Hurgronje who observed in 1901, the Dutch colonial government had more difficulty appoint ''Kapitein der Arabieren'' as more and more indies-born Arabs (''Muwallad'') born who lacked authority compared to the ''pure-blood'' Hadramis (''Wulayti'') whose number diminished.〔 In Cirebon, there was an Arab Indonesian appointed as a captain in 1845. As in Batavia, the Arab village here was once the abode of the Gujarati or likely of the Bengali too. In 1872 the colony in Indramayu separated from Cirebon to appoint a captain (or head of) of Arabs. In Banjarmasin in around 1899, the Captain of Arabs was Said Hasan bin Idroes al-Habshi or more known as ''Habib Ujung Murung''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Habib Hasan Ujung Murung Sang Kapten Arab )〕 The successor of Said Hasan as the ''Kapitein'' in South Kalimantan was Alwi bin Abdullah al-Habshi, who later moved to Barabai. Similarly, in Tegal, Pekalongan, Semarang, Surabaya, Gresik, Pasuruan, Bangil, Lumajang, Besuki, Banyuwangi, Surakarta, Sumenep, and various places in the archipelago had their own captain of Arabs. One of the reasons the colonial government did this was to segregate Arabs from the indigenous people.〔 In Pekalongan, one of the Captains was Hasan Saleh Argubi. In Bangil, the Captain of The Arabs were Saleh bin Muhammad bin Said Sabaja (1892), Muhammad bin Saleh Sabaja (1920), and Muhammad bin Salim Nabhan (1930). In Banyuwangi, some Captain of the Arabs who were in positions, among others, was Datuk Sulaiman Bauzir, Datuk Dahnan, Habib Assegaf, and Ahmad Haddad.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Asal-usul Desa Lateng Kampung Arab )〕 In Pasuruan, the Kapitein der Arabieren was a Sayyid named Alim al-Qadri, which is the grandfather of Hamid al-Gadri. According to two Baha'i travelers from Iran and India who visited Makasar in 1885, the Iranian Baha’i Sulayman Khan Tunukabanı, known as Jamal Effendi, and his Indian-Iraqi friend Sayyid Mustafa Rumı, the Kapitein der Arabieren in Makasar was Said Ali Matard. Sayid hasan ujung murung.jpg|Habib Ujung Murung, ''Kapitein der Arabieren'' of Banjarmasin Kapten Arab HABIB ALWI BIN ABDULLAH (Kapten Arab) dan HABIB MUHAMAD BIN ALI BIN YAHYA.jpg|Alwi bin Abdullah bin Alwi bin Sheikh al-Habshi (left), ''Kapitein der Arabieren'' of Barabai. Orang Arab di Talise 1920. Koleksi Het Geheugen van Nederland.jpg|''Kapitein der Arabieren'' of Menado 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Captain of the Arabs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|